Clinical characteristics and functional outcome of patients with West Nile neuroinvasive disease in Serbia

Neurologic manifestations are prominent characteristic of West Nile virus (WNV) infection. The aim of this article was to describe neurological manifestations in patients with WNV neuroinvasive disease and their functional outcome at discharge in the first human outbreak of WNV infection in Serbia. The study enrolled patients treated in the Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center Serbia in Belgrade, with serological evidence of acute WNV infection who presented with meningitis, encephalitis and/or acute flaccid paralyses (AFP). Functional outcome at discharge was assessed using modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Barthel index. Fifty-two patients were analysed. Forty-four (84.6 %) patients had encephalitis, eight (15.4 %) had meningitis, and 13 (25 %) had AFP. Among patients with AFP, 12 resembled poliomyelitis and one had clinical and electrodiagnostic findings consistent with polyradiculoneuritis. Among patients with encephalitis, 17 (32.7 %) had clinical signs of rhombencephalitis, and eight (15.4 %) presented with cerebellitis. Respiratory failure with subsequent mechanical ventilation developed in 13 patients with WNE (29.5 %). Nine (17.3 %) patients died, five (9.6 %) were functionally dependent (mRS 3–5), and 38 (73.1 %) were functionally independent at discharge (mRS 0–2). In univariate analysis, the presence of AFP, respiratory failure and consciousness impairment were found to be predictors of fatal outcome in patients with WNV neuroinvasive disease (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.018, respectively). The outbreak of human WNV infection in Serbia caused a notable case fatality ratio, especially in patients with AFP, respiratory failure and consciousness impairment. Rhombencephalitis and cerebellitis could be underestimated presentations of WNV neuroinvasive disease.     

Fluoroless radiofrequency and cryo-ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia in adults and children: a single-center experience

Background

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and cryo-ablation (CRA) have been traditionally performed with fluoroscopy which exposes patients and medical staff to the potential harmful effects of the X-ray. Therefore, we aimed to assess the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of RFA and CRA of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) guided by the three-dimensional (3D) electro-anatomical mapping (EAM) system without the use of fluoroscopy.

Methods

We analyzed 168 consecutive patients with AVNRT, 62 of whom were under 19 years of age (128 in RFA (age 34.04 ± 21.0 years) and 40 in CRA (age 39.41 ± 22.8 years)). All procedures were performed completely without the use of the fluoroscopy and with the 3D EAM system.

Results

The acute success rates (ASR) of the two ablation methods were very high and similar (for RFA 126/128 (98.4%) and for CRA 40/40 (100%); p?=?0.43). Total procedural time (TPT) was similar in RFA and CRA groups (75.04 ± 42.31 min and 73.12 ± 30.54 min, respectively; p?=?0.79). Recurrence rates (1 (2.5%) and 8 (6.25%); p?=?0.35) were similar. There were no complications associated with procedures in either group. In pediatric group, ASR (61/62 (98.38%) and 105/106 (99.05%), respectively; p?=?0.69) and TPT (75.16 ± 42.2 min and 74.23 ± 38.3 min, respectively; p?=?0.88) were similar to the adult group. High ASR was observed with both ablation methods (for RFA 49/50, 98%, and for CRA 12/12, 100%; p?=?0.62] with very high arrhythmia-free survival rates (for RFA 98% and for CRA 100%; p =?0.62).

Conclusion

Based on these results, it can be suggested that fluoroless RFA or CRA guided by the 3D EAM system can be routinely performed in all patients with AVNRT without compromising safety, efficacy, or duration of the procedure.

     

The Role of 3-D Endorectal Ultrasound in Rectal Cancer: Our Experience

In the last 20 years, endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) has been one of the main diagnostic methods for locoregional staging of rectal cancer. ERUS is accurate modality for evaluating local invasion of rectal carcinoma into the rectal wall layers (T category). Adding the three-dimensional modality (3-D) increases the capabilities of this diagnostic tool in rectal cancer patients. We review the literature and report our experience in preoperative 3-D ERUS in rectal cancer staging. In the group of 71 patients, the staging of preoperative 3-D endorectal ultrasonography was compared with the postoperative morphologic examination. Three-dimensional ERUS preoperative staging was confirmed with morphologic evaluation in 66 out of 71 cases (92.9%). The detection sensitivities of rectal cancer with 3-D ERUS were as follows: T1, 92.8%; T2, 93.1%; T3, 91.6%; and T4, 100.0%; with specificity values of T1, 98.2%; T2, 95.4%; T3, 97.8%; and T4, 98.5%. Three-dimensional ERUS correctly categorized patients with T1, 97.1%; T2, 94.3%; T3, 95.7%; and T4, 98.5%. The percentage of total overstaged cases was 2.75% and that of understaged cases was 6.87%. The metastatic status of the lymph nodes was determined with a sensitivity of 79.1% (19 of 24), specificity of 91.4% (43 of 47), and diagnostic accuracy of 87.3% (62 of 71). In our experience, 3-D ERUS has the potential to become the diagnostic modality of choice for the preoperative staging of rectal cancer.Key words: Three-dimensional endorectal ultrasound, Rectal cancerEndorectal ultrasound (ERUS) has been used as a diagnostic tool for evaluation and staging of rectal cancer since the 1980s.¹ According to the literature, in studies with more than 50 patients included, an overall accuracy of approximately 81.8% was reported.² Most of the studies present data between 85% and 95%, but in the studies with more than 200 patients, the accuracy rates are relatively lower—63.3% and 69%, respectively.^3,4 A common disadvantage of ERUS and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the overstaging of T2 tumors owing to an irregular outer rectal wall resulting from transmural tumor extension or inflammation around the tumor. Another challenge for the ERUS, and especially the rigid probes, are the locally advanced, stenotic tumors, where the probe may not be able to pass above the lesion.⁵ The nodal staging accuracy of ERUS ranges from 70% to 75%.^1,5,6 The metastatic lymph nodes are distinguished by hypoechoic appearance, round shape, peritumoral location, and size >5 mm.^7,8 Lymph nodes >5 mm have a 50% to 70% chance of being malignant, while those <4 mm have only a 20% chance.^9,10 A new modality of endorectal ultrasound represents a three-dimensional (3-D) ERUS that provides better visual images of the tumor volume and spatial relations to the adjacent organs and structures, even better than those of MRI, which leads to better diagnostic accuracy than MRI and standard ERUS.^11–15 The unique 3-D–ERUS longitudinal scan can precisely assess the tumor size and location.¹⁶ The most important feature of this upgraded modality is the ability to reduce interpreter errors and offer potential predictive value. Three-dimensional ERUS provides the possibility to distinguish blood vessels from lymph nodes and allow precise fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies.^13,17 The infiltration of circumferential margin has been proven to correlate with T category, lymph node metastasis histologic tumor differentiation, and lymphovascular invasion.^13,17 Three-dimensional ERUS gives the possibility of multiplane evaluation of the tumor, allowing visualization of more subtle changes in the tumor characteristics and therefore better T and N categorizing.¹⁸ A review of 86 patients who underwent standard 3-D ERUS, ERUS and 4-channel detector computed tomography (CT) demonstrated T-category accuracy of 78%, 69%, and 57%, respectively.¹⁹ After analysis of the examiner''s error, the accuracy of 3-D ERUS for T category has reached 91% for 3-D ERUS and 88% for standard ERUS, and the N category accuracy improved to 90% and 76%, respectively. Also, ERUS can be used for diagnosis of premalignant lesions such as adenomas and polyps.²⁰ The main goal is to properly identify any chance of tumor invasion in the primary lesion and involvement of the surrounding lymph nodes in case the absence of those alarming characteristics allows for endoscopic resection of the lesion. Using higher-resolution probes, ERUS can distinguish T0 from T1 lesions. According to a meta-analysis of 258 biopsy-negative tumors, ERUS identified tumor mass in 81% of the 24 lesions, which were found to be invasive tumors on morphologic examination.²⁰ Another series of 60 patients with pT0/pT1 lesions demonstrated sensitivity and specificity of ERUS 89% and 88%, respectively.²¹ As with MRI, 3-D ERUS could provide an evaluation of the mesorectal fascia.^14,22The reported data lead to the position that 3-D ERUS combines the high-resolution images of the rectal wall and cost-effectiveness of standard ERUS with the multiplanar and stereoscopic imaging capabilities of MRI. Three-dimensional ERUS may be the future premier imaging modality used in rectal cancer management.     

Lower extremity lipedema,upper extremity lipodystrophy and severe calcinosis complicating juvenile dermatomyositis

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a rare but complex and potentially life-threatening autoimmune disease of childhood. Significant proportions of patients have residual weakness, muscle atrophy, joint contractures, and calcinosis. Recently, new clinical findings, such as lipodystrophy accompanied with increased fat deposition in certain areas, have been reported. So far, it is not known whether the redistribution of body fat may be the type of lipedema of lower extremity. We describe a 39-year-old woman who was diagnosed with JDM at the age of 7. Later she developed symmetrical lipodystrophy of upper extremities and symmetrical lipedema of lower extremities (making 2 and 58.3 % of total body fat mass, respectively), with multiple calcified nodules in the subcutaneous tissues. These nodules gradually increased in size despite therapy. Capillaroscopy findings showed scleroderma-like abnormalities. ANA and anti-U1RNP antibodies were positive. Similar cases with simultaneous occurrence of the lipedema of lower extremities, lipodystrophy of upper extremities, and severe calcinosis complicating JDM have not been published so far. We showed that the calcinosis and lipodystrophy were associated with short duration of active disease. Also, we display case that raises the question whether it is possible overlapping autoimmune diseases revealed during follow-up.     

Nonsurgical Endodontic Treatment of Necrotic Teeth Resolved Apical Lesions on Adjacent Implants with Retrograde/Apical Peri-implantitis: A Case Series with 2-year Follow-up

Retrograde (or apical/periapical) peri-implantitis (RPI) presents with radiographic signs of bone loss at the periapical area of endosteal implants and may also present with clinical signs of abscess formation or a sinus tract traceable to the implant periapex. The lesion may form days up to several years after the initial implant placement. In contrast to marginal peri-implantitis, which has a prevalence of 19.83%, RPI may be underreported because many clinicians are currently not aware of this type of lesion. The etiology, although not fully understood, may be attributed to endodontic infection of an adjacent tooth or residual microorganisms present after the extraction of an infected tooth at the implant site. There are several treatment modalities available for the management of RPI. Nonsurgical root canal treatment may be an option if the implant RPI etiology is suspected to be related to an adjacent endodontically involved tooth. In a previous report, surgical treatment modalities to correct RPI were described. This current case series presents 2 cases of RPI in which nonsurgical treatment of the necrotic adjacent teeth resulted in full radiographic and clinical resolution of the adjacent apical peri-implant lesions with 18-month and 2-year follow-ups, respectively. RPI may be prevented by evaluating the endodontic status of natural teeth adjacent to the implants and by addressing endodontic infections near the implant sites. Certain types of implant RPI may successfully be resolved nonsurgically by addressing adjacent endodontic infections as shown by this case series.